The 9th Beijing Xiangshan Forum (BXF) was held jointly by the China Association for Military Science (CAMS) and China Institute for International Strategic Studies (CIISS) last week. The Forum was started in 2006 as a biennial track-2 platform for Chinese and international defence intellectuals from government and non-government think tanks to discuss regional and global security concerns, challenges and opportunities. With the arrival of Xi Jinping as China’s new leader and changes in China’s internal dynamics and priorities, the organisers of the Xiangshan Forum adapted to the new changes, and the forum was upgraded from a track-2 event to a