Standard & Poor's warned on Monday it could lower Japan's sovereign rating if the economy expands less than expected or if public debt continues to grow, as the country's unpopular government struggles to win support for higher taxes.
The ratings agency affirmed its AA- rating on Japan with a negative outlook, but also warned that higher taxes wouldn't solve the structural problems that push up Japan's welfare spending and increasingly pressure state coffers.
Japan's debt burden is the worst among industrialised economies, and it may not be able to postpone drastic spending cuts and aggressive tax hikes much longer as Europe's debt crisis threatens the global economy.
"We would also consider lowering the long- and short-term ratings if the government's debt trajectory remains on its current course or begins to erode the nation's external position," S&P said in a statement.
"On the other hand, we may revise the outlook to stable if the government were to implement robust and sustainable fiscal consolidation."
S&P and Fitch both rate Japan AA- with a negative outlook. Moody's Investors Service ranks Japan at the same level, at Aa3, but has a stable outlook.
All three agencies rate Japan three notches below the top AAA rating.
Japan's rating could fall if real gross domestic product growth per capita drops below S&P's forecast of 1.2%, according to the statement.
Late last year the ruling Democratic Party agreed a timetable on rises in the sales tax to pay for welfare spending. It said it would increase the 5% sales tax to 8% in April 2014 and then to 10% in October 2015.
Prime Minister Yoshihiko Noda needs opposition votes to pass the tax hike in a divided parliament, but his public approval ratings are sinking and the opposition are refusing to cooperate as they look to force an election.
Higher taxes could help reduce revenue shortfalls, but that wouldn't change Japan's ageing population, which continuously pushes up welfare costs, S&P said.
Japan's sovereign ratings are also constrained by the government's weak policy foundations, the ratings agency said.
Even if the sales tax rises to 10%, that would not be enough to lower the ratio of public debt to gross domestic product, which is the worst among industrialised nations and almost twice the size of its $5 trillion economy, government estimates show.
Japan's rating does draw support from its ample holdings of external assets in its foreign exchange reserves and its current account surplus, S&P added.
