The value of online fraudulent transactions is expected to reach $25.6 billion by 2020, up from $10.7 billion last year, according to a study by Juniper Research titled "Online Payment Fraud: Key Vertical Strategies & Management 2016-2020". This means that by the end of the decade, $4 in every $1,000 of online payments will be fraudulent. It argued that the greater security afforded by chip and PIN would persuade fraudsters to switch their attention from the in-store environment to the CNP (card not present) space