Contrary to earlier discovery that a chemical found in a synthetic opioid, MPTP, induced a form of Parkinson's disease, a new study has found that it is an enzyme in the body that can metabolise compounds formed in the brain from alkaloids causing a neurodegenerative condition in mice.
The study led by Narayan Avadhani and Mrittika Chattopadhyay, suggested that the enzyme, mitochondrial CYP2D6, presents a potentially powerful new target for Parkinson's treatment.
"Over the past two or three decades, researchers have tried inhibiting the process by they believed MPTP was metabolised, with mixed success," said Avadhani.
"We believe that mitochondrial CYP2D6 is the more direct drug target, which might prove better in treating idiopathic Parkinson's disease," added Avadhani.
The study published in the 'Journal of Biological Chemistry' investigated the mechanism of Parkinson's disease when a specific cause cannot be pinpointed.
Previous studies have shown that MPTP and similar toxic compounds induce Parkinson's disease in rodents and primates.
The mechanism of action, as scientists understood it, involved the compounds being oxidised to form MPP+, a toxic metabolite.
The enzyme that was believed to be responsible is called monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B), present in the nervous system's glial cells. In that conception of the mechanism, MPP+ was thought to then be transferred to dopamine neurons by dopamine transporter proteins, and, indeed, Parkinson's is characterised by unusually low dopamine levels in the brain.
Researchers have tried to stem the effects of Parkinson's by targeting two players in this presumed pathway, both MAO-B and the dopamine transporter protein, with only mixed success.
In earlier work, Avadhani and colleagues had shown that the enzyme CYP2D6, localised to the body's energy factories, the mitochondria, could play a role in metabolising MPTP to MPP+.
In the new investigation, they took a closer look at beta-carbolines and isoquinolines, toxins that resemble MPTP which the body produces from substances found in tobacco smoke, alcohol, and some foods.
They found that, instead of MAO-B, it was mitochondrial CYP2D6 that activate the beta-carbolines and isoquinolines inside the dopamine-producing neurons, rather than the glial cells.
This route of activation, in a mouse model, results in neuronal damage and oxidative stress, symptoms akin to Parkinson's.
"CYP2D6 is known to play a role in influencing the activity of a number of drugs," said Avadhani.
In an attempt to target this pathway, the researchers showed that mice lacking CYP2D6 did not exhibit severe symptoms than mice with the protein did. In addition, an inhibitor of CYP2D6 prevented neuronal damage in the mice.
"The CYP2D6 inhibitor ajmalicine is a member of the reserpine family of alkaloids, found in the plant Rauwolfia serpentine and was long used in India for treating mental illness, such as paranoia and schizophrenia," said Avadhani.
"Mitochondrial targeting of such compounds is likely to be effective in treating Parkinson's patients, and pursuing that is our future strategy," said Avadhani.
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