Scientists have found a detailed recipe for Earth that can also apply to making terrestrial exoplanets orbiting distant stars.
Courtney Dressing of the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA), said that our solar system is not as unique as they might have thought, and it looks like rocky exoplanets use the same basic ingredients.
The key to the discovery was the HARPS-North instrument on the 3.6-meter Telescopio Nazionale Galileo in the Canary Islands. (HARPS stands for High-Accuracy Radial velocity Planet Searcher.) It is designed to accurately measure the masses of small, Earth-sized worlds. Those measurements are crucial to determine densities and therefore compositions.
The researchers said that their strategy for using HARPS-North over the past year has been to focus on planets less than two times the diameter of Earth and to study a few planets really well.
Most recently the team targeted Kepler-93b, a planet 1.5 times the size of Earth in a tight, 4.7-day orbit around its star. The mass and composition of this world were uncertain. HARPS-North nailed the mass at 4.02 times Earth, meaning that the planet has a rocky composition.
The researchers then compared all ten known exoplanets with a diameter less than 2.7 times Earth's that had accurately measured masses. They found that the five planets with diameters smaller than 1.6 times Earth showed a tight relationship between mass and size. Moreover, Venus and Earth fit onto the same line, suggesting that all these worlds have similar rock-iron compositions.
As for the larger and more massive exoplanets, their densities proved to be significantly lower meaning that they include a large fraction of water or other volatiles, hydrogen and/or helium. They also showed more diverse compositions rather than fitting into a single group like the smaller terrestrial worlds.
The team also noted that not all planets less than six times the mass of Earth are rocky. Some low-mass worlds with very low densities are known (such as the planets in the Kepler-11 system). But for typical close-in small planets, the chances are high that they share an Earth-like composition.
The ingredients that you need to make one small model planet are :
1 cup magnesium
1 cup silicon
2 cups iron
2 cups oxygen
1/2 teaspoon aluminum
1/2 teaspoon nickel
1/2 teaspoon calcium
1/4 teaspoon sulfur
dash of water delivered by asteroids
To make the planet, first you need to blend well in a large bowl, shape into a round ball with your hands and place it neatly in a habitable zone area around a young star. Do not over mix and heat until mixture becomes a white hot glowing ball. Bake for a few million years and cool until color changes from white to yellow to red and a golden-brown crust forms, it should not give off light anymore. Season with a dash of water and organic compounds and wait for it to shrink a bit as steam escapes and clouds and oceans form. Stand back and wait a few more million years to see what happens.
