Poor nutrition is common in patients with liver failure or cirrhosis and it can lead to muscle wasting, weakness, fatigue and worse outcomes before and after the patients undergo liver transplantation.
The recent study addresses aspects of nutrition in transplant candidates with cirrhosis and emphasises the need to screen all patients to identify those with poor nutritional status, especially those suffering from muscle wasting.
Senior author Aldo J Montano-Loza from the University of Alberta in Edmonton, Canada said that muscle wasting is frequently overlooked in liver transplant candidates as nutritional assessment is not routinely carried out as part of clinical practice and an accurate assessment can be complicated by obesity or fluid retention.
"Muscle wasting is one of the major features of undernutrition in cirrhosis and currently high resolution image-based techniques such as computed tomography constitute the best way to evaluate body composition in these patients," Montano-Loza added.
The team ensuring adequate caloric and protein intake forms the foundation of therapy for undernutrition in liver transplant candidates and patients should avoid fasting for longer than six hours.
Studies have demonstrated potential for additional therapies such as consuming branched-chain amino acids or fish oil supplements and taking hormone replacement therapy.
However, their potential benefits need to be confirmed in randomized controlled trials.
"Physical activity is also an important aspect of therapy," Dr Montano-Loza noted.
"Therefore, supervised mobilisation should be encouraged and physiotherapy should be consulted liberally when patients are in hospital to minimise total bedrest and muscle atrophy," Montano-Loza explained.
He noted that for cirrhosis patients, who do not have access to dieticians and exercise specialists, it is especially important that their clinicians are aware of guideline recommendations for both diet and physical activity.
The research appears in Liver Transplantation journal.
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