Males are at greater risk for neurodevelopmental disorders, such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD), than females, but the underlying reasons have been unclear.
Now, a new study has provided compelling evidence in support of the 'female protective model,' which proposes that females require more extreme genetic mutations than do males to push them over the diagnostic threshold for neurodevelopmental disorders.
The study's author Sebastien Jacquemont of the University Hospital of Lausanne suggested that there is a different level of robustness in brain development, and females seem to have a clear advantage.
Jacquemont teamed up with Evan Eichler of the University of Washington School of Medicine to analyze DNA samples and sequencing data sets of one cohort consisting of nearly 16,000 individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders and another cohort consisting of about 800 families affected by ASD.
The researchers analyzed both copy-number variants (CNVs)-individual variations in the number of copies of a particular gene-and single-nucleotide variants (SNVs)-DNA sequence variations affecting a single nucleotide.
They found that females diagnosed with a neurodevelopmental disorder or ASD had a greater number of harmful CNVs than did males diagnosed with the same disorder.
Moreover, females diagnosed with ASD had a greater number of harmful SNVs than did males with ASD.
These findings suggest that the female brain requires more extreme genetic alterations than does the male brain to produce symptoms of ASD or neurodevelopmental disorders.
The results also take the focus off the X chromosome for the genetic basis of the gender bias, suggesting that the burden difference is genome wide.
The study was published in the American Journal of Human Genetics.
