Working for over 55 hours a week is linked to heightened depression in women, suggests an observational study published online in the Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health.
Furthermore, the study found that working during weekends is associated with an increased risk in both sexes.
Recent times have seen the need to work outside standard 'office' hours--a factor that has been associated with poorer physical health. However, the potential impact on mental health is less well known.
To elucidate further on this point, the researchers drew on data from Understanding Society, the UK Household Longitudinal Study (UKHLS).
Depressive symptoms were measured using a validated general health questionnaire (GHQ-12).
Using the standard working week of 35 to 40 hours as a reference, working weeks were categorised as fewer than 35 to include part-time employees; 41-55 (long working hours); and 55 and above (extra long working hours).
The researchers factored in several potentially influential contributors: age; marital status; parenthood; earnings and satisfaction with them; long term health conditions; job type and satisfaction with it; degree of control; and qualifications.
Generally, older workers, smokers, and those who earned the least and who had the least job control were more depressed. And this applied to both sexes.
However, gender differences in working patterns were evident. Men tended to work longer hours than women, with almost half clocking up more than the standard quota compared with fewer than one in four women. And nearly half of the women worked part time compared with just one in seven (15 per cent) men.
Married women who were also parents tended not to work longer hours, but the opposite was true of married fathers and over two thirds of men worked weekends compared with around half the women.
There was no difference in the number of depressive symptoms between men who put in fewer or more hours than the standard working week, or who worked weekends.
However, weekend working was associated with significantly more depressive symptoms among men when work conditions were accounted for; among women, depressive symptoms were associated with the number of weekends worked.
Furthermore, women who worked 55 or more hours a week and/or who worked most/every weekend had the worst mental health of all, with significantly more depressive symptoms than women working standard hours.
"Such jobs, when combined with frequent or complex interactions with the public or clients, have been linked to higher levels of depression," they wrote, suggesting, "Our findings of more depressive symptoms among women working extra long hours might also be explained by the potential double burden experienced by women when their long hours in paid work are added on their time in domestic labour."
"Previous studies have found that once unpaid housework and caring is accounted for, women work longer than men, on average, and that this has been linked to poorer physical health," they added.
The researchers concluded, "Our findings should encourage employers and policy makers to consider interventions aimed at reducing women's burdens without restricting their full participation in the workforce, and at improving psychosocial work conditions.
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