Bank vulnerabilities: PNB fraud exposes failure of systems and oversight

Punjab National Bank (PNB), owned by the Union government, has admitted that fraud of Rs 114 billion has occurred within a Mumbai branch. False letters of undertaking were used as a basis for branches abroad of other Indian banks to transfer funds in dollars on behalf of PNB. The letters were issued for accounts related to gems and jewellery companies controlled by Nirav Modi and his relatives. It has been revealed that Mr Modi left India in early January, well before the original first information report in this case was filed with the police. Naturally, the real scale of this