The new rules notified by the government for regulating the extraction of groundwater disallow industrial, mining, and large housing projects in areas where this natural resource is in a precarious state due to indiscriminate use. The existing units, too, would need to get fresh no-objection certificates and pay on the basis of the amount of water withdrawal rather than just a nominal lump sum amount. But, for no reasons other than the likely political gains, several categories of large users have been exempt from these regulations, thus putting a question mark on the outcome of this exercise. These users, including