When the National Food Security Act (NFSA) 2013 was passed, it expanded the coverage of the public distribution system (PDS) from about half to two-thirds of the population. As corruption has been a long standing problem in the PDS, the NFSA mandated some PDS reforms based on Tamil Nadu and Chhattisgarh experiences. These were among a handful of states that had successfully reduced leakages.
One such reform was end-to-end digitisation. Though computerisation of the PDS database had already begun when the NFSA was passed, only a handful of states had reliable “last-mile authentication” of sales in place. In most states,
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