The impact of the pandemic on the Indian economy’s growth was, as the government figures released recently make clear, larger than in most other large economies. The Indian economy contracted by 23.9 per cent in the first quarter this year. There may well be some bounce-back, now that the country has re-opened significantly, but it is also true that potential growth has been falling for some years, and the effects of the pandemic have already led to a contraction. New ceilings on growth seem to hit the economy every few years — from the after-effects of demonetisation, to problems with