Greek banks have had a hell of a year. In January 2014, the sector's shares were trading at almost double where they are now, buoyed by inflows of foreign capital. Holders of National Bank of Greece, Piraeus, Eurobank and Alpha Bank could anticipate a future of decreasing government stakes and healthy credit growth. Following the election of the anti-austerity party Syriza, everything is now on ice.
The most pressing issue is liquidity. The Bank of Greece counted euro 164 billion of corporate and household deposits in November, a third of all domestic bank liabilities, but the banks' operations would be crippled without euro 56 billion of funds provided by the European Central Bank (ECB). The ECB has pointedly reminded Athens that the collateral used by the banks will not be eligible if Greece stops being in a bailout programme. The current one expires next month.
Even if that plug is not pulled, Syriza's victory could prompt edgy Greeks to withdraw funds. The authorities' contingency plan has been prepared: emergency liquidity assistance (ELA) from the national central bank. Technically, that brings power and potential losses to Athens, but ELA is disconcertingly similar to the current life support from Frankfurt. The national programme can be cancelled by a two-thirds majority of the ECB governing council.
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The politics distract attention from Greek lenders' massive bad debt problem. Adding in restructured loans, the four banks' overall stock of non-performing loans amounts to over 120 per cent of provisions and tangible equity, Barclays analysts reckon.
When Greek bank shares were soaring last year, selling these bad debts at bearable discounts sounded feasible, freeing the banks to lend. Warrants, which offered potentially large gains to private sector investors, currently mostly look worthless. Further private sector interest is unlikely. So is a properly functioning Greek banking system, unless Syriza can tie up the loose ends in double-quick time.
