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The root of the problem in Cyprus is well known. Its two major banks had attracted huge deposits from abroad, largely from Russia, and presumably mostly from individuals who wished to escape scrutiny at home or elsewhere. The proceeds were then invested in Greek government bonds and loans to Greek companies. When Greece imploded, the investments turned sour, and the Cypriot banks that had engaged in this strategy became insolvent.
Given this situation, the logical choice for the country should have been clear: if the government wanted to survive, foreign depositors must bear part of the losses. It is, thus, difficult to understand why the Cypriot government was at first so reluctant to inflict any losses on depositors.
But the solution that was eventually agreed makes sense: the country's two largest banks are effectively resolved. Their bad assets will be separated and wound down over time. Neither the Cypriot government nor European taxpayers will put any additional funds into these banks. The losses that remain after the bad assets have been disposed of will, thus, have to be borne by the banks' uninsured creditors, which in this case means those with deposits of more than euro 100,000 ($130,000).
Although Cyprus is too small to matter for global financial markets, the crisis there could turn out to be an important precedent guiding how European policy makers deal with future banking problems. In particular, it could affect current plans for a "banking union", which needs three elements: a single supervisor, a common resolution authority, and a credible system of deposit insurance. The Cyprus crisis holds important lessons on all three counts.
First, the crisis has underscored the need for a single supervisor that is not captured by local interests. The European Central Bank (ECB) would never have allowed Cypriot banks to attract huge deposits by paying above-market interest rates, and then to put all of their eggs in one basket (Greece). This was a high-risk strategy without a safety net.
Second, while there is still some discussion about how to create a common resolution mechanism for euro zone banks, events have shown that the ECB already de facto fills this role. No bank in difficulties can survive if the ECB does not grant or renew emergency liquidity assistance.
This accumulation of power in the hands of a completely independent institution is, of course, not ideal from the standpoint of democratic accountability. But this should serve as an additional incentive for the euro zone's member states to agree to the creation of a genuine common resolution authority with enough funding to resolve even larger banks in an orderly way.
Finally, the revolt of Cyprus' small savers highlighted the need for a credible system of deposit insurance. The European Union directive that stipulates the protection of bank deposits up to euro 100,000 does not provide a European guarantee; it only requires member states to create a deposit insurance system at the national level.
In reality, however, there has been a widespread misperception that somehow "Europe" protects small depositors. Yet a common deposit insurance system had, at least so far, not even been under discussion, because the issue was not perceived as a live problem. Cyprus has shattered this complacency. Leaving deposit insurance exclusively at the national level is no longer an option.
Cyprus also holds a more general lesson: given the extreme reaction of financial markets to the collapse of Lehman Brothers in 2008, it had become axiomatic among European policy makers that no bank should be allowed to become insolvent. But financial markets reacted calmly to the news that, for the first time, even depositors in a bank in the European Union will lose part of their money (and this was noted with glee in Berlin and elsewhere in northern Europe).
The key lesson for European policy makers is, thus, that it is possible to "bail in" a bank's creditors. This has not been officially admitted, but Eurogroup President Jeroen Dijsselbloem, the Dutch finance minister, expressed it clearly, saying that, after Cyprus, Europe should become more courageous in bailing in bank creditors.
This realisation - that the European taxpayer does not have to save every troubled bank - might have a very beneficial effect, because Germany's resistance to a banking union is motivated by the fear that German taxpayers would be forced to underwrite indirectly the losses of banks in the distressed countries of the euro zone periphery. This fear may now ease.
The crisis in Cyprus represents an extreme and special case in many respects. But the way that the problem arose, and the solution that was finally adopted, is likely to have very important consequences for the way that Europe will address its banking problems.
The writer is Director of the Centre for European Policy Studies.
Project Syndicate, 2013
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