Did the Aryans originate somewhere in Central Asia and migrate to (or invade) an already-settled India? Or, were they among the original settlers of the subcontinent? (The human species originated in Africa).
The “Aryan Invasion Theory” arose in the 19th century. Historians cited linguistic connections between Sanskrit and other Indo-European languages and visual physical similarities between North Indian and Central Asians. Other historians argued that the Aryans were original settlers.
DNA testing provides a very powerful tool. Studies based on mitochondrial DNA (which is passed down unchanged by a mother to her children and can provide a genetic chronology of maternal ancestry)
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