Researchers have discovered a way that may help astronauts spending prolonged time in space come back to Earth on more stable footing.
"One of the biggest problems since the inception of the manned space program has been that astronauts have fainted when they came down to Earth. The longer the time in a gravity-free environment space, the greater the risk appeared," said Benjamin Levine, a professor at University of Texas (UT) Southwestern Medical Center in the US.
"This problem has bedeviled the space program for a long time, but this condition is something ordinary people often experience as well," said Levine, director of the Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine at Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital. Orthostatic hypotension is the technical term for a temporary drop in blood pressure when a person stands up after sitting or lying down because blood rushes to the feet, away from the brain.
Dizziness or fainting due to changes in blood flow can occur after lengthy bed rest, among people with certain health disorders or, in the case of astronauts, being in a low-gravity environment.
The study, published in the journal Circulation, included 12 astronauts (eight men and four women age 43-56) who spent about six months in space.
All performed individualised endurance and resistance exercise training for up to two hours daily during space flight to prevent cardiovascular, bone and muscle deconditioning. They also received a saline infusion upon landing.
The astronauts' blood pressure was recorded with every heartbeat over each 24-hour period before, during and after their time in space.
The researchers found that there was minimal impact on their blood pressure during all phases of measurement and none of the astronauts in the study experienced dizziness or fainting during routine activities 24 hours after landing.
This is the first study to demonstrate that astronauts do not experience dizziness or fainting during routine activity after landing, as long as they participate in certain types of exercise training while in flight and receive IV fluids when they return to earth, said Levine.
"What surprised me the most was how well the astronauts did after spending six months in space. I thought there would be frequent episodes of fainting when they returned to Earth, but they didn't have any. It's compelling evidence of the effectiveness of the countermeasures--the exercise regimen and fluid replenishment," he said.
The researchers note that the sample size was small. Also, they could not clearly distinguish whether specific in-flight blood pressure readings occurred while the astronauts were awake or asleep, so the data were combined and examined over 24-hour periods.
Since all the astronauts participated in the exercise regimen and received a saline fluid infusion upon landing, researchers do not know the blood pressure stabilization would have occurred without those measures.
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