An impoverished teenager, Mehdi, joined the wave of Afghans who left their homeland, dreaming of reaching Europe to find work.
Where he ended up was entirely different: On the battlefields of Syria's civil war, in a militia created by Iran.
Mehdi was one of tens of thousands of Afghans recruited and trained by Iran to fight in support of Tehran's ally, Syrian President Bashar Assad.
In Syria, he was thrown into one of the war's bloodiest battles, surrounded by the bodies of his comrades, under fire from Islamic militants so close he could hear their shouts of "Allahu akbar" before each mortar blast.
Iran created a network of militias made up of Shiites from across the region and used it to save Assad from the uprising against his rule not only Afghans but also Pakistanis, Iraqis and Lebanese.
Now with the 8-year war in Syria winding down, the question is what will Tehran do with those well-trained, well-armed forces.
Mehdi and other soldiers-for-hire from Afghanistan's impoverished Shiite Muslim communities are returning home, where they are met with suspicion.
Afghan security officials believe Iran is still organising them, this time as a secret army to spread Tehran's influence amid Afghanistan's unending conflicts.
"Here in Afghanistan we are afraid. They say we are all terrorists," said Mehdi, now 21 and back in his home city of Herat.
He was terrified, speaking on condition he not be fully identified for fear of retaliation.
He met The Associated Press in a car parked in a remote, mostly Shiite neighbourhood, and even there kept his face obscured with a scarf, glancing suspiciously at every passing car.
The returning veterans are threatened from multiple sides.
They face arrest by security agencies that see them as traitors.
They face violence from the brutal Islamic State affiliate in Afghanistan, which views Shiites as heretics and vows to kill them.
Last May, IS gunmen attacked a Shiite mosque in Herat, killing 38 people.
To back Assad, Iran sent hundreds of Revolutionary Guard troops to Syria and brought in a number of allied militias. The most well-known and most powerful was Lebanon's Hezbollah.
But the largest was a force made up of Afghans, known as the Fatimiyoun Brigade, which experts have estimated numbered up to 15,000 fighters at any one time.
Over the years, several tens of thousands of Afghans trained and fought in it, most from the ethnic Hazara minority, who are among Afghanistan's poorest.
Roughly 10,000 veterans of the brigade have returned to Afghanistan, says a senior official in Afghanistan's Interior Ministry, who spoke on condition of anonymity.
The Afghan government and many experts believe Iran could mobilise these ex-fighters once more, especially if the country's many armed factions turn on each other in escalated warfare after US and NATO troops withdraw.
Iran could use the chaos to deploy the brigade, with the very real pretext that the vulnerable Shiite minority needs a defender.
"Expect the Iranians to reconstitute their militias inside Afghanistan at some point," said Bill Roggio, editor of the Long War Journal, a site devoted to coverage of the US war on terror.
"Iran does not discard assets in which it invests time, treasure, and expertise."
Like most of those who joined the Fatimiyoun Brigade, Mehdi was driven by poverty, not ideology or loyalty to Iran.
Too poor to afford books for school, Mehdi had just turned 17 when he left Afghanistan in 2015.
He went to Iran and worked in Tehran for months, saving money for the next leg of the trip to Europe. But Europe's borders closed, and Mehdi was stranded in Tehran.
An Afghan friend suggested they enlist for Syria.
As a fighter for Iran, they could earn the equivalent of USD 900 a month.
At the time Mehdi was making barely USD 150 a month.
"I thought about it and I made my heart strong, like a raging river," Mehdi said.
"I decided, 'Live or die, I'll go'."
He and other Afghans underwent 27 days of training under the Revolutionary Guard at a base in Iran's southern Yazd province.
Afterward, Mehdi was flown to Damascus with around 1,600 other new recruits.
In Damascus, the recruits opened bank accounts where their salaries would be deposited.
They went to the shrine of Sayeda Zeinab, a site outside Damascus revered by Shiites, for final blessings before battle.
The next day, they were taken by bus to the northern city of Aleppo and sent immediately to the front.
Mehdi was thrown into one of the fiercest battles of the war a 2016 campaign against Islamic militant factions for control of the town of Khan Toman and nearby villages on Aleppo's edge.
It was a fight that showed the international nature of the war. Among the militants were Syrians, Iraqis, Chechens, Turkmens, Uzbeks and other foreign jihadis; on the other side were Syrian and Iranian troops, Lebanese Hezbollah fighters, Iraqi Shiites and Afghans, backed by Russian warplanes all battling for a piece of Syrian land.
The fighting went on for months, killing and wounding hundreds on both sides.
"Often in the morning I saw seven, eight dead bodies," Mehdi said.
He said in one battle, 800 Afghans were sent to the front line and all but 200 were either killed or wounded.
Mehdi returned to Afghanistan a year ago.
He remains dirt poor, and unable to find a job.
He spoke bitterly of his lack of options.
He noted that the Fatimiyoun Brigade remains in Syria, and some Afghan veterans stayed there after their service to work.
"I don't know what my future brings," he said.
"Maybe I become a thief or maybe I go back to Syria.
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