Boeing landed its crew capsule in the New Mexico desert Sunday after an aborted flight to the International Space Station that threatened to derail the company's effort to launch astronauts for NASA next year.
The Starliner descended into the Army's White Sands Missile Range in the predawn darkness, ending a two-day demo that should have lasted more than a week.
All three main parachutes popped open and airbags also inflated around the spacecraft to ease the impact.
"Congratulations, Starliner," said Mission Control, calling it a successful touchdown.
A test dummy named Rosie the Rocketeer after Rosie the Riveter from World War II rode in the commander's seat. Also returning were holiday presents, clothes and food that should have been delivered to the space station crew.
After seeing this first test flight cut short and the space station docking cancelled because of an improperly set clock on the capsule, Boeing employees were relieved to get the Starliner back.
It was the first US capsule designed for astronauts to return from orbit and land on the ground.
NASA's early crew capsules all had splashdowns. SpaceX's Dragon capsule, which made its orbital debut last winter, also aims for the ocean at mission's end.
The astronauts assigned to the first Starliner crew two from NASA and one from Boeing were part of the welcoming committee in the bitter cold.
The capsule's first trip to space began with a smooth rocket ride from Cape Canaveral on Friday. But barely a half hour into the flight, it failed to fire its thrusters to give chase to the space station and ended up in the wrong orbit.
The problem was with the Starliner's internal clock: It did not sync up with the Atlas V rocket, throwing off the capsule's timing.
The capsule burned so much fuel trying to orient itself in orbit that there wasn't enough left for a space station rendezvous.
Flight controllers tried to correct the problem, but between the spacecraft's position and a gap in communications, their signals did not get through. They later managed to reset the clock.
Boeing is still trying to figure out how the timing error occurred.
The mission lasted nearly 50 hours and included 33 orbits around the Earth.
Last month's parachute problem turned out to be a quick fix.
Only two parachutes deployed during an atmospheric test because workers failed to connect a pin in the rigging.
NASA is uncertain whether it will demand another test flight from Boeing to include a space station visit before putting its astronauts on board.
Boeing had been shooting for its first astronaut mission in the first half of 2020.
This capsule is supposed to be recycled for the second flight with crew.
Despite its own setbacks, SpaceX remains in the lead in NASA's commercial crew program.
SpaceX's Dragon crew capsule successfully completed its first orbital demo last March. While the flight to the space station went well, the capsule exploded a month later on a test stand at Cape Canaveral.
If a launch abort test goes well next month, SpaceX could start launching NASA astronauts by spring and end a nearly nine-year gap in flying people from Cape Canaveral.
As its space shuttle program was winding down, NASA looked to private industry to take over cargo and crew deliveries to the space station.
SpaceX kicked off supply runs in 2012. Two years later, NASA hired SpaceX and Boeing to ferry astronauts to the orbiting lab.
SpaceX got USD 2.6 billion under NASA's commercial crew program, while Boeing received more than USD 4 billion.
The goal was to launch NASA astronauts by 2017.
Because of delays, NASA is looking to buy another two seats on
Russian rockets in 2020 and 2021 to guarantee a continuing US presence on the space station. Even when private companies are regularly carrying up astronauts for NASA, the space agency always will reserve a seat for a Russian in exchange for a free US seat on a Soyuz.
Over the years, these Soyuz rides have cost NASA up to USD 86 million a piece, with the tab totalling in the billions.
An audit last month by NASA's inspector general found a Starliner seat will cost slightly more than that, with a Dragon seat going for just over half the price.
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