Scientists, including one of Indian origin, have identified a brain region that can be electrically stimulated to improve mood in people suffering from depression.
According to a study published in the journal Current Biology, stimulation of a brain region called the lateral orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) reliably produced acute improvement in mood in patients who suffered from depression.
Those effects were not seen in patients without mood symptoms, suggesting that the brain stimulation works to normalise activity in mood-related neural circuitry, researcher said.
"Stimulation induced a pattern of activity in brain regions connected to OFC that was similar to patterns seen when patients naturally experienced positive mood states," said Vikram Rao, of the University of California, San Francisco in the US.
"Our findings suggest that OFC is a promising new stimulation target for treatment of mood disorders," said Rao.
The team studied 25 patients with epilepsy who had electrodes placed in the brain for medical reasons to pinpoint the origin of their seizures.
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Many of those patients also suffered from depression, which is often seen in people with epilepsy. With the patients' consent, researchers took advantage of those electrodes to deliver small electrical pulses to areas of the brain thought to be involved in regulating mood.
Previous studies have explored deep brain stimulation (DBS) for mood disorders, but its success depends critically on target selection.
Targets in other mood-related areas deep in the brain hadn't always led to reliable improvements.
In the new study, they focused their attention and the electrical stimulation on the OFC. The OFC is a key hub for mood-related circuitry. However, it is also widely regarded as one of the least well-understood brain regions.
"Although OFC is a more superficial target, it shares rich interconnections with several brain regions implicated in emotion processing," Sellers said.
That made this relatively small brain area an attractive target for therapeutic stimulation.
The researchers used the implanted electrodes to stimulate OFC and other brain regions while collecting verbal mood reports and questionnaire scores.
Those studies found that unilateral stimulation of the lateral OFC produced acute, dose-dependent mood-state improvement in subjects with moderate-to-severe baseline depression.
The changes in brain activity the researchers observed after stimulation closely resembled those seen when people are in a good mood.
The findings show that mood can be immediately improved by electrical stimulation of a relatively small area of brain, researchers said.
They also add to evidence that mood disorders are the result of dysfunction in brain circuits.
The researchers say that plenty of work remains before DBS could enter routine clinical practice.
The team is currently exploring whether stimulation of OFC produces durable improvement in mood over longer periods of time.
They also hope to develop a medical device for patients with treatment-resistant mood disorders that can monitor brain activity in OFC and stimulate only when needed to keep that activity within a healthy range.
"Ultimately, it would be ideal if activity in mood-related brain circuits could be normalized indefinitely without patients needing to do anything," Rao said.
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