China has broken the rules of global commerce by restricting exports of rare earths, tungsten and molybdenum, a move that benefited domestic industries, a World Trade Organization panel said today.
The WTO disputes settlement body said that Beijing's deployment of export duties and quotas, plus limits on who could trade in what are key raw materials for hi-tech goods, skewed global commerce against fellow nations.
In a trade ministry statement issued by its diplomats in Geneva, China said it regretted the ruling and was considering its options.
The panel, made up of independent trade and legal experts, backed a WTO complaint filed in 2012 by the United States, the European Union and Japan.
China accounts for 95 per cent of global production of rare earths, a term covering 18 metals which are vital for many industrial and high-tech processes such as the production of smartphones, hybrid car batteries, wind turbines, steel and low-energy light bulbs.
But given that it is home to 23 per cent of global reserves of such metals, China has raised concerns about over-exploitation.
Beijing insists that its measures, imposed in 2011, seek to conserve natural resources and reduce pollution caused by mining.
"The Chinese government has been reinforcing and improving its comprehensive regulation on high-polluting, high-energy-consuming and resource-consuming products in recent years," the trade ministry said.
"China believes that these regulatory measures are perfectly consistent with the objective of sustainable development promoted by the WTO."
The plaintiffs countered that the aim was to drive up export prices and gain market advantage for domestic producers with cheaper access to the raw materials.
"The verdict is clear: export restrictions cannot be imposed supposedly to conserve exhaustible natural resources if domestic use of the same raw materials is not limited for the same purpose," the EU said in a statement.
Brussels said countries had a sovereign right to limit mining and protect the environment, but that WTO rules applied once raw materials were out of the ground.
"The extracting country cannot limit the sales of its raw materials to its domestic industry, giving them a competitive edge over foreign firms," it added.
