Scientists have developed a unique computational model to show how infection can affect bacteria that naturally live in our intestines.
The findings can help clinicians to better treat and prevent gastrointestinal infection and inflammation through a better understanding of the major alterations that occur when foreign bacteria disrupt the gut microbiota.
"Our gut contains ten-times more bacterial cells than there are human cells in our body," said Lynn Bry, director of the Brigham and Women's Hospital (BWH) Center for Clinical and Translational Metagenomics, and senior study author.
"The behaviour of these complex bacterial ecosystems when under attack by infection can have a big impact on our health," said Bry.
Georg Gerber, co-first study author, developed novel computer algorithms to analyse the different stages of infection when a pathogen known as Citrobacter rodentium, which causes disease in mice similar to food-poisoning in humans, was introduced into the guts of mice.
Bry and her team generated a two-month time-series of the population levels of bacteria throughout multiple sites in the intestine.
The computational framework, known as Microbial Counts Trajectories Infinite Mixture Model Engine was used to identify dynamic changes within the complex communities of bacteria in the gut associated with infection and inflammation.
The researchers observed many disruptions in the normal bacteria at different locations in the gut during the infection.
For instance, they discovered a microbial signature in the colon involving species belonging to the genus Mucispirillum that showed decreases early in infection before the onset of symptoms.
Other signatures included increases in populations of bacteria from the Clostridiales and Lactobacillales families occurring after the pathogen had disappeared.
Interestingly, some of these signatures occurred in locations in the gut where the pathogen was not directly damaging host cells.
"From a clinical perspective, these new microbial signatures we identified could help clinicians detect early stages of inflammation or subtle persistent disease in patients with gastrointestinal disorders, such as inflammatory bowel disease," said Bry.
The study was published in the journal PLOS ONE.
