A Neanderthal from about 50,000 years ago, who had suffered multiple injuries and became deaf, survived well into his 40s with the help of his fellows, a study has found.
"More than his loss of a forearm, bad limp and other injuries, his deafness would have made him easy prey for the ubiquitous carnivores in his environment and dependent on other members of his social group for survival," said Erik Trinkaus, professor at Washington University in the US.
Known as Shanidar 1, the Neanderthal remains were discovered in 1957 during excavations at Shanidar Cave in Iraqi Kurdistan by Ralph Solecki, an American archeologist and professor emeritus at Columbia University in the US.
Previous studies of the Shanidar 1 skull and other skeletal remains had noted his multiple injuries.
He sustained a serious blow to the side of the face, fractures and the eventual amputation of the right arm at the elbow, and injuries to the right leg, as well as a systematic degenerative condition.
In a new analysis of the remains, Trinkaus and Sebastien Villotte of the French National Centre for Scientific Research confirm that bony growths in Shanidar 1's ear canals would have produced profound hearing loss.
In addition to his other debilitations, this sensory deprivation would have made him highly vulnerable in his Pleistocene context.
Survival as a hunter-gatherer in the Pleistocene presented numerous challenges, and all of those difficulties would have been markedly pronounced with sensory impairment.
Like other Neanderthals who have been noted for surviving with various injuries and limited arm use, Shanidar 1 most likely required significant social support to reach old age.
"The debilities of Shanidar 1, and especially his hearing loss, thereby reinforce the basic humanity of these much maligned archaic humans, the Neanderthals," said Trinkaus.
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