Hepatitis B and C viruses may both be associated with a significantly increased risk of Parkinson's disease, a new study has found.
Hepatitis B is spread through contact with blood and body fluids of an infected person, such as unprotected sex, sharing needles, getting a tattoo or piercing with unsterilised tools or sharing razors or toothbrushes with an infected person.
Hepatitis C is spread through blood-to-blood contact such as sharing needles, razors and toothbrushes and is passed on at birth by infected mothers.
While both can lead to serious illness, many people have few symptoms and do not realise they have the virus, especially at first.
"The development of Parkinson's disease is complex, with both genetic and environmental factors," said Julia Pakpoor, from University of Oxford in the UK.
"It's possible that the hepatitis virus itself or perhaps the treatment for the infection could play a role in triggering Parkinson's disease or it is possible that people who are susceptible to hepatitis infections are also more susceptible to Parkinson's disease," said Pakpoor.
Researchers examined hospital records from a large British database. They looked for records of people with a first case of hepatitis B, hepatitis C, autoimmune hepatitis, chronic active hepatitis and HIV from 1999 to 2011.
Then those people were compared to the hospital records of people with relatively minor conditions such as cataract surgery, bunions and knee replacement surgery.
For all of the participants, researchers looked at the records to see who later developed Parkinson's disease.
There were nearly 22,000 people with hepatitis B, 48,000 with hepatitis C, 6,000 with autoimmune hepatitis, 4,000 with chronic active hepatitis and nearly 20,000 with HIV. They were compared to more than 6 million people with minor conditions.
The study found that people with hepatitis B were 76 per cent more likely to develop Parkinson's disease than those in the comparison group, and people with hepatitis C were 51 per cent more likely to develop Parkinson's disease.
A total of 44 people with hepatitis B developed Parkinson's disease, compared to 25 cases that would be expected in the general population.
For people with hepatitis C, 73 people developed Parkinson's disease, where about 49 cases would have been expected in the general population.
People with autoimmune hepatitis, chronic active hepatitis and HIV did not have an increased rate of Parkinson's disease.
A previous study from Taiwan showed a relationship between hepatitis C and Parkinson's disease, but it did not show any relationship for hepatitis B.
The research was published in the journal Neurology.
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