Researchers have found that the complex eyes of mantis shrimp are equipped with optics that generate ultraviolet (UV) colour vision.
Mantis shrimp's six UV photoreceptors pick up on different colours within the UV spectrum based on filters made from an ingredient other animals depend on as built-in biological sunscreen, according to the study.
"The mantis shrimp visual system contains six types of photoreceptors functioning completely outside the visual range of humans," said Michael Bok of the University of Maryland Baltimore County.
"Surprisingly, they produce their six UV photoreceptors using only two types of visual pigments by pairing one visual pigment with one of four UV filters.
"The UV filters block certain wavelengths of light from reaching the photoreceptors, chromatically shifting their sensitivity," Bok said.
The filters are composed of so-called mycosporine-like amino acids (or MAAs), which are commonly found in the skin or exoskeleton of marine organisms, where they absorb damaging UV rays. They do the same thing in mantis shrimp eyes, but for an entirely novel purpose.
"The effect is akin to putting red-tinted glasses over your eyes that block other wavelengths of light, except this is being done at the photoreceptor cellular level in shrimp," Bok said.
Exactly why mantis shrimp need such a sophisticated visual system remains mysterious, Bok said.
Mantis shrimp use their eyes to navigate and spot predators and prey on the vibrant reef that is their home. Mantis shrimp also have complex social interactions that are likely mediated by distinct visual signals on their bodies.
Their complex eyes, which include 16 or more types of photoreceptors in all, may provide them with a complex colour and polarisation visual system without a big brain to post-process lots of information.
In other words, their eyes may sense and respond to complex visual inputs without the need to think very hard about it, Bok said.
The research is published in the Cell Press journal Current Biology.
