From cancelled iftar feasts to suspended mosque prayers, Muslims across the Middle East are bracing for a bleak month of Ramzan fasting as the threat of the COVID-19 pandemic lingers.
Ramzan is a period for both self-reflection and socialising. Believers fast from dawn to dusk and then gather around a family or community meal each evening of Islam's holiest month, which begins later this week and ends with Eid al-Fitr festivities.
But this year, the fast-spreading novel coronavirus threatens to dampen Ramzan like never before, with millions locked down across the Middle East -- from Saudi Arabia and Lebanon to the battle zones of Libya, Iraq and Yemen.
More dispiriting for many devout Muslims is that congregational worship -- including taraweeh night prayers -- is prohibited in mosques across the region, with many closed in a bid to slow the spread of the virus.
Several countries' religious authorities, including Saudi Arabia's Grand Mufti Abdulaziz al-Sheikh, have ruled that prayers during Ramzan and Eid be performed at home.
"Our hearts are crying," said Ali Mulla, the muezzin at the Grand Mosque in Mecca. "We are used to seeing the holy mosque crowded with people during the day, night, all the time... I feel pain deep inside."
In recent weeks, a stunning emptiness has enveloped the sacred Kaaba -- a large black cube structure draped in gold-embroidered cloth in the Grand Mosque towards which Muslims around the world pray.
The white-tiled area around the Kaaba is usually packed with tens of thousands of pilgrims.
Ramzan is considered an auspicious period to perform the year-round umrah pilgrimage, which Saudi authorities suspended last month.
It is likely the larger hajj pilgrimage, set for the end of July, will also be cancelled for the first time in modern history after Saudi Arabia urged Muslims to temporarily defer preparations.
The Grand Mufti of Jerusalem and the Palestinian Territories Muhammad Hussein has announced similar prayer restrictions during Ramzan, while also advising against the public sighting of the crescent moon, which is used to estimate the start of the holy month.
The restrictions are in line with the recommendations of the World Health Organization, which has urged countries to "stop large numbers of people gathering in places associated with Ramzan activities, such as entertainment venues, markets and shops".
The restrictions have hit businesses hard, including retailers catering to the typical rush of Ramzan shoppers.
This year many Muslims have repurposed their Ramzan shopping budgets to stock up on masks, gloves and other COVID-19 protective gear.
"I had saved up an amount to spend on Ramzan shopping, but I spent it instead on purchasing things needed for quarantine and protection against the virus," said Younes, 51, who works at a clothing store in the Syrian capital Damascus.
"This year, no feasts, no visits... I feel we are besieged by the virus wherever we go." Sanctions-stricken Iran last week allowed some shuttered Tehran businesses to reopen, despite being one of the worst-hit countries in the Middle East, as many citizens face a bitter choice between risking infection and economic hardship.
Official statistics show the disease has killed more than 5,000 people and infected over 80,000 in Iran, but the actual figures are thought to be higher.
Supreme leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei has appealed to Iranians to pray at home during Ramzan, while urging them to "not neglect worship, invocation and humility in our loneliness".
There is some levity though in Cairo, where the Egyptian capital's narrow alleys and downtown markets are still covered with traditional Ramzan decorations and brightly coloured lanterns known as fawanees.
These decorations also typically adorn restaurants and cafes, but they are all closed due to the outbreak, lending a more subdued feel to the city as the holy month approaches.
Hardliners across the region have rejected some online suggestions by Muslims that they should be exempt from fasting this year owing to the pandemic, insisting that while social distancing was necessary, the virus did not stop them from observing the rules of Ramzan from home.
"No studies of fasting and risk of COVID-19 infection have been performed," the WHO said in its list of recommendations.
"Healthy people should be able to fast during this Ramzan as in previous years, while COVID-19 patients may consider religious licenses regarding breaking the fast in consultation with their doctors, as they would do with any other disease."
For many trapped in their homes in war-battered countries such as Libya, Ramzan is still a time for prayer, introspection and charity.
"For me, Ramzan has come early this year. During these curfew times, it means fewer working hours, similar to Ramzan," said Karima Munir, a 54-year-old banker and mother of two in Libya.
"Ramzan is always about being charitable and this year the needy are numerous, especially with the (displacement) from the war.
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