Scientists have developed a new insect-sized robot that can scurry across the floor at nearly the speed of a darting cockroach and withstand the weight of a human.
Small, durable robots like these could be advantageous in search and rescue missions, squeezing and squishing into places where dogs or humans can't fit, or where it may be too dangerous for them to go, researchers said.
"Most of the robots at this particular small scale are very fragile. If you step on them, you pretty much destroy the robot," said Liwei Lin, a professor at the University of California, Berkeley in the US.
"We found that if we put weight on our robot, it still more or less functions," Lin said.
"If an earthquake happens, it's very hard for the big machines, or the big dogs, to find life underneath debris, so that's why we need a small-sized robot that is agile and robust," said Yichuan Wu, an assistant professor at the University of Electronic Science and Technology of China.
Described in the journal Science Robotics, the robot, which is about the size of a large postage stamp, is made of a thin sheet of a piezoelectric material called polyvinylidene fluoride, or PVDF.
Piezoelectric materials are unique, in that applying electric voltage to them causes the materials to expand or contract.
The researchers coated the PVDF in a layer of an elastic polymer, which causes the entire sheet to bend, instead of to expand or contract.
They then added a front leg so that, as the material bends and straightens under an electric field, the oscillations propel the device forward in a "leapfrogging" motion.
The resulting robot may be simple to look at, but it has some remarkable abilities, researchers said.
It can sail along the ground at a speed of 20 body lengths per second, a rate comparable to that of a cockroach and reported to be the fastest pace among insect-scale robots.
The robot can zip through tubes, climb small slopes and carry small loads, such as a peanut.
The robot, which weighs less than one tenth of a gramme can withstand a weight of around 60 kilogrammes -- about the weight of an average human -- which is nearly one million times the weight of the robot.
"People may have experienced that, if you step on the cockroach, you may have to grind it up a little bit, otherwise the cockroach may still survive and run away," Lin said.
"Somebody stepping on our robot is applying an extraordinarily large weight, but (the robot) still works, it still functions. So, in that particular sense, it's very similar to a cockroach," said Lin.
The robot is currently "tethered" to a thin wire that carries an electric voltage that drives the oscillations.
The researchers are experimenting with adding a battery so the robot can roam independently.
They are also working to add gas sensors and are improving the design of the robot so it can be steered around obstacles.
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