Scientists have developed a new way to track HIV infection that can identify how individual particles infect each cell, and lead to novel therapies for prevention and treatment of the disease.
It has become routine to visualise the movement and progression of individual virions - individual infectious particles - in cells, but the relevance of these observations was previously unclear, as many virions are defective or do not progress to make further copies of themselves.
"This approach - and the ability to say 'that virion infected that cell' - will help bring clarity to the field," said Thomas Hope, professor at Northwestern University in the US.
"It allows us to understand what the virus really needs to do to infect a cell. It gives us new details, like where in the cell it happens and the timing of specific events. The more we know about the virus, the better our chances are to stop it," said Hope.
During the course of infection, HIV fuses onto a target immune cell and delivers its capsid - a cone that holds the genetic material of the virus - into the cell's cytoplasm.
From there, the capsid disassembles through a process called "uncoating," which is crucial to the synthesis of viral DNA from its RNA genome and the hijacking of the cell's functions.
However, the specific details of uncoating have been controversial, with two groups of thought. One believed that uncoating takes place late at pores, allowing factors to enter the nucleus.
A second camp showed data suggesting that uncoating takes place early and in the cytoplasm.
In part, the uncertainty persisted because previous methods in HIV research have been unable to distinguish between viral particles that actually lead to infection of the cell, and those that are irrelevant.
In the study published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, scientists used a novel live- cell fluorescent imaging system that allowed them for the first time to identify individual particles associated with infection.
In this case, they utilised the approach to monitor how the HIV capsid uncoats in the cell at the individual particle level. They demonstrated that uncoating leading to infection occurs early in the cytoplasm, around 30 minutes after cell fusion.
The finding is just one example of novel discoveries about HIV that might now be possible with the imaging system.
"Being able to connect infectivity of individual particles and how they behave in the cell to infection - which is what we really care about - is going to have a big impact on the field," Hope said.
"The system can now be used to resolve other controversies in HIV biology and to determine which potential targets for drug development are most relevant," he said.
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