Australian researchers have designed a low-cost drinking water treatment system using foil chip packets and some glass tubing.
The system, developed by University of Adelaide mechanical engineering students, makes use of UVA radiation direct from the sun to kill pathogens in the water in a continuous feed facility that can be made from improvised materials.
"Worldwide, 780 million people still don't have access to safe and clean water for drinking, cooking or washing," said Dr Cristian Birzer, Lecturer in the School of Mechanical Engineering, who supervised the students with Dr Peter Kalt.
"Consumption of untreated water exposes people to a range of contaminants including faecal-borne pathogens. It's estimated that 1.5 million people - and 90 per cent of them children - die every year from consuming untreated or contaminated water," Birzer said.
The team worked with ChildFund Australia to learn about local conditions in the Papua New Guinea highlands.
Many villages there use large communal rainwater tanks to collect water in the wet season, supplemented with river water in the dry season. Both sources are prone to pathogens in the water.
"Our priority was to develop a system with, and not just for, the end-users," said Birzer.
"We wanted something where we could provide design guidelines and let the local communities build and install their own systems using readily available materials that could be easily maintained and replaced," said Birzer.
The students - Michael Watchman, Harrison Evans, Mark Padovan and Anthony Liew - first designed and tested a workshop-quality manufactured system using high-quality materials.
They then designed, built and tested a hand-made rudimentary system using some plywood, glass tube and high-density polyethylene plastic sheeting coated with metalised plastic (chip packet wrappers) and specially shaped to reflect the maximum amount of sunlight onto the water in the glass tube.
The students trialled various reflectants and found the inside of crisp packets was as good as anything.
The UVA from the sun produces "reactive oxygen species" in water which damages the DNA of pathogens and deactivates them.
Testing for E coli showed the system could reduce high concentrations of the pathogen to undetectable levels in the water in under 30 minutes.
"The system can successfully treat close to 40 litres in four hours and the beauty is that it's designed to be modular, so more modules can be added for greater quantities of water," said Birzer.
