On March 12, 2019, Dennis Muilenburg phoned US President Donald Trump for support after European and Chinese regulators grounded the Boeing 737 MAX following an Ethiopian Airlines crash that killed 157 people.
When Muilenburg hung up, the Boeing chief executive thought he had the backing of the US leader. But the next day, Trump announced that Boeing's top-selling plane was "grounded effective immediately".
Boeing's entire global fleet of almost 400 MAX planes has stayed out of service ever since, plunging the 103-year-old aerospace giant into the biggest crisis of its history.
The situation has raised questions about Boeing's commitment to safety and corporate culture while also tarnishing the company's image as it continues to compete with archrival Airbus.
The crisis has cost Boeing billions of dollars and spawned numerous investigations by US authorities, as well as a lawsuits from victims' families.
The crisis actually began months earlier on October 29, 2018, when a MAX operated by Indonesian carrier Lion Air plunged into the Java Sea.
"Boeing blamed the pilots immediately in Lion Air, and then bungled the response thereafter," said Scott Hamilton of Leeham News, an aviation publication.
"Boeing's stubborn resistance to admit its mistakes -- even as those mistakes have delayed the return to operation of 737 MAX planes -- are turning this into a disaster for the company and its customers," said Jim Hall, former chairman of the US National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB).
Indonesian investigators last week attributed the crash to nine factors, including inadequate pilot training and a poorly designed flight handling system known as the Maneuvering Characteristics Augmentation System (MCAS) that it said wasn't properly certified by US regulators.
"These items were connected to each other. If one of them was not occurring on that day, the accident may not have happened," said Nurcahyo Utomo, an investigator with Indonesia's National Transportation Safety Committee.
If the investigation showed Lion Air's pilots to be young and untested, it also revealed them to be in the dark about the MCAS, which was not mentioned in Boeing's flight manual.
The system has also been implicated in the Ethiopian Airlines crash.
The MCAS was developed specifically for the MAX to guard against stalling that could be caused by the plane's heavier engines.
The system was activated shortly after takeoff in both flights based on an incorrect sensor reading. The error stemmed from an angle of attack sensor that was approved for service by Xtra Aerospace, a Florida company that had its repair station certificate revoked by the FAA last week.
The pilots in two crashes were unable to regain control of the plane from MCAS, in part because the system was designed with no redundancy to that single sensor.
A report last month from the NTSB said Boeing and the FAA misjudged how pilots would respond to multiple alerts and alarms as they encountered trouble when flying the 737 MAX.
Another report earlier this month from a panel of global regulators concluded the FAA lacked the manpower and expertise to evaluate the MCAS.
A few days after the Lion Air crash, the FAA sent a directive to MAX operators about the risk of a faulty angle of attack sensor while Boeing developed an upgrade to the MCAS.
However, Boeing was still working on the correction at the time of the Ethiopian Airlines crash five months later.
Since the accident, Boeing's conduct during the development of the MAX has come under scrutiny, particularly on the question of whether it cut corners to launch the MAX quickly.
In the spring of 2011, American Airlines, which had previously bought exclusively from Boeing, warned the US company that it was considering a large order with Airbus for the A320 neo, a fuel-efficient version of a model that competed directly with the 737.
Boeing was told it must quickly come up with a rival to match the A320 neo to avoid completely losing the order, a source told AFP.
Recognising that launching an entirely new model would take years, Boeing instead opted to update the 737, a line first launched in 1968 and which had been last modernized in 1997.
To speed the process, Boeing wanted "the minimum change to reduce costs and get it done quickly," former Boeing engineer Rick Ludtke, who worked on the MAX cockpit, told The New York Times.
But one in three Boeing employees reported feeling "potential undue pressure" from managers during the period when the MAX was developed, according to an internal survey reviewed by AFP.
Boeing added the MCAS to boost handling of the MAX, which had bigger engines than earlier 737 versions, even as other parts such as the fuselage and the landing gear were identical to older models.
"The final version was an example of trial-and-error and compromise, rather than design and production optimization," said an industrial source.
In its promotional materials, Boeing assured airlines that pilots familiar with prior 737 models required no significant additional training to fly the MAX, according to material described to AFP by congressional staff.
That purported similarity of the MAX to earlier versions also speeded the regulatory process.
Boeing was so confident of its stance that it agreed to give Southwest Airline a rebate of USD 1 million per-plane if simulator training was needed, a source told AFP.
After a series of simulator tests, Boeing pilot Mark Forkner maintained to aviation regulators that the MCAS would activate only in rare cases and would not require supplementary training.
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