Plants can choose between alternative competitive responses according to the stature and densities of their opponents, a study has found.
Researchers from the University of Tubingen in Germany found that plants can evaluate the competitive ability of their neighbours and optimally match their responses to them.
Animals facing competition have been shown to optimally choose between different behaviours, including confrontation, avoidance and tolerance, depending on the competitive ability of their opponents relative to their own.
For example, if their competitors are bigger or stronger, animals are expected to "give up the fight" and choose avoidance or tolerance over confrontation.
Plants can detect the presence of other competing plants through various cues, such as the reduction in light quantity or in the ratio of red to far-red wavelengths (R:FR), which occurs when light is filtered through leaves.
Such competition cues are known to induce two types of responses: confrontational vertical elongation, by which plants try to outgrow and shade their neighbours, and shade tolerance, which promotes performance under limited light conditions.
Some plants, such as clonal plants, can exhibit avoidance behaviour as a third response type: they grow away from their neighbours, researchers said.
"These three alternative responses of plants to light competition have been well-documented in the literature," said Michal Gruntman, lead author of the research published in the journal Nature Communications.
"In our study we wanted to learn, if plants can choose between these responses and match them to the relative size and density of their opponents," said Gruntman.
The researchers used the clonal plant Potentilla reptans in an experimental setup that simulated different light- competition settings.
They used vertical stripes of transparent green filters that reduce both light quantity and R:FR and could therefore provide a realistic simulation of light competition.
By changing both the height and density of this simulated vegetation, the researchers could present different light- competition scenarios to the plants.
The results demonstrated that Potentilla reptans can indeed choose its response to competition in an optimal way.
When the plants where under treatments simulating short- dense neighbours, which presented competitors that where too dense to avoid laterally but could be outgrown vertically, Potentilla reptans showed the highest confrontational vertical growth.
However, under simulated tall-dense neighbours, which could not be outgrown either vertically or laterally, plants displayed the highest shade tolerance behaviour.
Lastly, under tall-sparse neighbours, which could only be avoided laterally, plants exhibited the highest lateral- avoidance behaviours.
The findings reveal that plants can evaluate the density and competitive ability of their neighbours and tailor their responses accordingly.
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