The old adage "practice makes perfect" may not hold true, according to a new study which found natural talent and other factors likely play a role in mastering a complicated activity.
Researchers led by Zach Hambrick from Michigan State University found that a copious amount of practice is not enough to explain why people differ in level of skill in two widely studied activities, chess and music.
"Practice is indeed important to reach an elite level of performance, but this paper makes an overwhelming case that it isn't enough," said Hambrick, associate professor of psychology.
The debate over why and how people become experts has existed for more than a century.
While many theorists argue that thousands of hours of focused, deliberate practice is sufficient to achieve elite status, Hambrick disagrees.
"The evidence is quite clear that some people do reach an elite level of performance without copious practice, while other people fail to do so despite copious practice," he said.
Hambrick and colleagues analysed 14 studies of chess players and musicians, looking specifically at how practice was related to differences in performance.
Practice, they found, accounted for only about one-third of the differences in skill in both music and chess.
Hambrick said it could be explained by factors such as intelligence or innate ability, and the age at which people start the particular activity.
A previous study of Hambrick's suggested that working memory capacity - which is closely related to general intelligence - may sometimes be the deciding factor between being good and great.
While the conclusion that practice may not make perfect runs counter to the popular view that just about anyone can achieve greatness if they work hard enough, Hambrick said there is a "silver lining" to the research.
"If people are given an accurate assessment of their abilities and the likelihood of achieving certain goals given those abilities they may gravitate toward domains in which they have a realistic chance of becoming an expert through deliberate practice," he said.
The study was published in journal Intelligence.
