When the coronavirus erupted in the United States, it triggered quarantines, travel curbs and business shutdowns.
Many economists predicted a V-shaped journey for the economy: A sharp drop, then a quick bounce-back as the virus faded and the economy regained health.
Others envisioned a slower, U-shaped course.
Now, as President Donald Trump and many Republicans press to reopen the economy, some experts see an ominous risk: That a too-hasty relaxation of social distancing could ignite a resurgence of COVID-19 cases by fall, sending the economy back into lockdown.
The result: a W-shaped disaster in which a tentative recovery would sink back into a double-dip recession before rebounding eventually.
The push to reopen the economy is making a W-shaped recovery very much more likely, said Jeffrey Frankel, professor of capital formation and growth at the Harvard Kennedy School.
In Frankel's view, any widespread reopening should wait for a sustained drop in death rates and the broad availability of tests. No one is completely safe until an effective treatment or vaccine can be produced and widely distributed a scenario that's likely many months away.
Frankel said he also worries that the government might prematurely withdraw financial aid to the economy, thereby weakening the pillars of any tentative recovery.
A W-shaped recovery is a distinct possibility, said Yongseok Shin, an economist at Washington University in St Louis and a research fellow at the Federal Reserve Bank of St Louis.
Unless the reopening is carefully managed with extensive testing and voluntary social distancing, infections will rapidly rise in many localities. People will then hunker down for fear of infection, and local governments will re-impose lockdowns, quashing any economic recovery we will have had to that point.''
A double-dip recession would significantly heighten the risks for an already debilitated US economy.
Congress has provided roughly $3 trillion in aid by far its largest rescue ever to help households and companies survive the next few months. If a second downturn were to flare up, it's far from clear that Congress would be ready to offer trillions more to enable businesses to survive yet another round of months-long shutdowns.
Nor do many companies have the cash reserves to cushion against a second recession. And just as threatening, a double-tip downturn would sap the confidence of individuals and businesses that is essential to an economic bounce-back. If consumers don't trust that a recovery will last, many won't resume spending, and the economy would struggle to rebound.
On Monday, plastic spacing barriers and millions of masks appeared on the streets of Europe's newly reopened cities as France and Belgium emerged from lockdowns, the Netherlands sent children back to school and Spain allowed people to eat outdoors.
All faced the delicate balance of restarting battered economies without causing a second wave of coronavirus infections.
In the US, Federal Reserve Chair Jerome Powell has urged caution in reopening the economy. Powell has warned against taking too much risk of second and third waves'' of the virus.
For now, the economy is essentially in free-fall. It shed a record 20.5 million jobs in April. The unemployment rate surged to 14.7%, the highest since the Great Depression. The gross domestic product the broadest measure of output shrank at a 4.8% annual rate from January through March and is expected to post an astounding 40% annual collapse in the current quarter. That would be, by far, the worst on record dating to 1947.
Facing a catastrophe in an election year, Trump and many Republican allies are eager to ease restrictions and restart the economy. They say the use of masks and other protections should allow many businesses to safely reopen under certain guidelines. Trump has openly backed protests that are intended to compel governors to liberate'' their states from lockdowns.
But The Associated Press reported last week that many US governors are disregarding White House guidelines. Seventeen states didn't meet a key benchmark set by the White House for beginning to reopen businesses: A 14-day downward trajectory in new cases or positive test rates.
Texas' Republican lieutenant governor, Dan Patrick, has gone so far as to suggest that restarting the economy might be worth the risk of some additional deaths.
Most Americans say they're wary of trying to return to business as normal now. A Pew Research Center survey found that 68% said they feared that state governments would lift restrictions too soon. Just 31% wanted restrictions lifted sooner.
The idea that you just turn the spigot back on is just ridiculous, said Diane Swonk, chief economist at the consulting firm Grant Thornton. It's still a COVID-tainted spigot. No one wants water from a poisoned well.''
Another threat is the prospect of bankruptcies and cash shortfalls for companies and households. Some have been able to defer rent and other payments but will eventually have to repay their landlords and other creditors in full.
Likewise, US authorities declared premature victory over the 1918 Spanish flu outbreak, only to see it return, deadlier than before.
In the current pandemic, South Korea eased restrictions as cases dropped. But on Saturday, Seoul had to shut down nightclubs, bars and discos after dozens of infections were linked to club goers.
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