Anti-government protesters in Hong Kong took over key roads early Monday morning ahead of a mass planned pro-democracy rally on the anniversary of the city's handover to China.
The semi-autonomous city has been shaken by historic demonstrations in the past three weeks, when protesters have demanded the withdrawal of a bill that would allow extraditions to the Chinese mainland.
Tensions spiked once more in the financial hub as dawn rose on Monday after small groups of mainly young, masked protesters seized three key thoroughfares, deploying metal and plastic barriers to block the way.
Rows of riot police with helmets and shields faced protesters on one of the streets but did not move against the barricades.
The ongoing rallies are the latest manifestation of growing fears that China is stamping down on the city's freedoms and culture with the help of the finance hub's pro-Beijing leaders.
Although Hong Kong was returned from British to Chinese rule on July 1, 1997, it is still administered separately under an arrangement known as "one country, two systems".
The city enjoys rights and liberties unseen on the autocratic mainland, but many residents fear Beijing is already reneging on that deal.
Pro-democracy activists have organised a march every handover anniversary, calling for greater democratic freedoms -- such as the right to elect the city's leader.
They have mustered large crowds in recent years -- including a two-month occupation in 2014 -- but have failed to win any concessions from Beijing.
This year's rally comes against the backdrop of unprecedented anti-government protests over the past three weeks that have drawn millions and anger over police using tear gas and rubber bullets to clear crowds.
The spark for the current wave of protests was an attempt by chief executive Carrie Lam to pass the Beijing-backed extradition law, which she has now postponed following the huge public backlash.
But the demonstrations have morphed into a wider movement against Lam's administration and Beijing.
Lam -- who has kept out of the public eye since her climbdown and has record low approval ratings -- is expected to attend a flag-raising ceremony on the harbourfront early Monday, marking the moment the city returned to Chinese ownership 22 years ago.
However, the event has been scaled back and barriers erected around the square over fears that anti-government protesters might try to disrupt the event.
Protesters have multiple demands including that Lam permanently abandon the extradition bill and that police drop any charges against demonstrators arrested in recent weeks.
Sam Mu, an artist, was with a small group of friends waving black flags on Monday morning close to where the ceremony was due take place.
"It's a symbol of how are city is falling," he told AFP.
"Our city's freedoms are shrinking, it's going in a more authoritarian direction."
Activists, who are mainly young students, have vowed to keep up their civil disobedience campaign in the coming weeks.
"Whatever happens we won't lose heart, that's why we'll keep taking to the streets," Jason Chan, a 22-year-old accountant added.
"Resistance is not a matter of a day or a week, it is long term."
The pro-democracy rally is scheduled to take place on Monday afternoon, following the same route the two mass rallies last month took -- from a park to the city's legislature.
Permission for a separate pro-Beijing rally has been granted to start at the same time in the same park -- raising fears of confrontations.
On Sunday, tens of thousands of pro-establishment protesters rallied in support of Hong Kong's police.
Many waved Chinese flags and hurled insults at anti-government demonstrators camped nearby, highlighting the deep ideological fissures now dividing the finance hub.
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