Robert Mugabe, the former guerrilla leader tuned despot who ruled Zimbabwe for 37 years until forced out by the military, has died aged 95, the country's president announced Friday.
First heralded as a liberator who rid the former British colony of Rhodesia of white minority rule, Mugabe used repression and fear to govern until he was finally ousted by his previously loyal generals in November 2017.
"It is with the utmost sadness that I announce the passing on of Zimbabwe's founding father and former President... Robert Mugabe," President Emmerson Mnangagwa said in a tweet.
Mugabe died at 0240 GMT in Singapore, where he had been hospitalised in April, a Zimbabwean diplomat in South Africa told AFP, speaking on condition of anonymity.
"Mugabe was an icon of liberation, a pan-Africanist who dedicated his life to the emancipation and empowerment of his people. His contribution to the history of our nation and continent will never be forgotten," Mnangagwa said.
Mugabe had been battling ill health, and after his humiliating fall from office, his stamina seeped away rapidly.
South African President Cyril Ramaphosa remembered Mugabe as "liberation fighter" and a "champion of Africa's cause against colonialism".
Kenyan leader Uhuru Kenyatta hailed Mugabe as an "elder statesman, a freedom fighter and a Pan-Africanist who played a major role in shaping the interests of the African continent."
China lauded him as an "outstanding national liberation movement leader" while Russian President Vladimir Putin noted Mugabe's "great personal contribution" to Zimbabwe's independence.
The Mugabe years are widely remembered for his crushing of political dissent and policies that ruined the economy.
The former political prisoner turned guerrilla leader swept to power in 1980 elections after a growing insurgency and economic sanctions forced the Rhodesian government to the negotiating table.
In office, he initially won international plaudits for his declared policy of racial reconciliation and for extending improved education and health services to the black majority.
But that faded rapidly as Mugabe cracked down on his opponents. During the 1980s, he led an infamous campaign known as Gukurahundi during which an estimated 20,000 dissidents were killed.
The violent seizure of white-owned farms turned him into an international pariah -- though his status as a liberation hero still resonates strongly across Africa.
Aimed largely at angry war veterans who threatened to destabilise his rule, the land reform policy wrecked the crucial agricultural sector, caused foreign investors to flee and plunged the country into economic misery.
All along, the Mugabe regime was widely accused of human rights violations and of rigging elections.
The topic of his succession was virtually taboo until he reached his 90s and became visibly frail.
As his health weakened, the military finally intervened to quash his second wife Grace's presidential ambitions in favour of their preferred candidate, Mnangagwa, Mugabe's vice president at the time. Mnangagwa took over in November 2017 and was elected in July last year.
In Zimbabwe's capital Harare, residents woke to the news and went about their daily business, with acting president Kembo Mohadi leading a planned street clean-up campaign.
Mnangagwa, who was attending the World Economic Forum in Cape Town, left for Zimbabwe on Friday morning.
Many remembered him as tyrant who oversaw the decline of one of Africa's most prosperous nations.
"As a leader the only thing he did wrong was to stay in power for a long time," Harare resident Joshua Tsenzete told AFP.
Evan Mawarire, an outspoken Mugabe critic who claims he received death threats during his reign, tweeted: "There are many things you have the power to do to us Mr President, but there are 2 things you have no power to stop.
You cannot stop your sun from setting & you cannot stop mine from rising." "Mugabe leaves a mixed legacy," Zimbabwean academic Austin Chakaodza told AFP.
"He was a liberator of this country who became its destroyer in his later years due to his policies".
Ibbo Mandaza, head of a southern African think tank, said Mugabe would be remembered as one of Africa's "founding fathers".
Mandaza pointed to the example of Tanzania's founding leader Julius Nyrere and South African liberation icon Nelson Mandela.
"Unlike Nyerere and Mandela he (Mugabe) stayed on. He would have had a much more favourable obituary if he had left earlier.
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