Researchers have developed a multi-layered "sensing skin" to detect cracks and other structural flaws that are invisible to the naked eye, including corrosive or otherwise harmful substances.
"We have created a skin that can be applied to the surface of almost any structure and be used to monitor the structure's integrity remotely and in real time, identifying potential problems long before they become catastrophic," said Mohammad Pour-Ghaz, assistant professor at North Carolina State University in the US.
The sensing skin consists of three layers, which can be painted onto the surface of a structure or pre-assembled and attached to the surface like wallpaper, researchers said.
The first layer is electrically conductive and is used solely to detect cracks. The second layer serves as a buffer between the first and third layers. The third layer detects cracks, but is also engineered to detect specific chemicals of interest, they said.
This third layer incorporates metal nanoparticles whose conductivity changes in the presence of specific ions. By changing the composition of the metal nanoparticles, this layer can be engineered to respond to any particular chemical.
If users want to monitor for chemicals coming out of a structure - such as leakage of the chemicals out of a containment structure - the third layer would face inward, touching the structure's surface. To monitor external chemicals, the third layer would face outward.
Explaining the working of the sensing skin works, researchers said, electrodes are applied around the perimeter of a structure. The sensing skin is then applied to the structure, over the electrodes.
A computer programme then runs a small current between two of the electrodes at a time, cycling through a number of possible electrode combinations.
When the current runs between two electrodes, a computer monitors and records the electrical potential at all of the electrodes on the structure for both the first and third layers of the sensing skin.
This data is then used to calculate the sensing skin's spatially distributed electrical conductivity on both layers.
Researchers have developed a suite of algorithms that can use changes in conductivity measured by the first and third layers of the skin to detect and locate both damage and the presence of target chemicals.
In a proof-of-concept study, the researchers applied their sensing skin to reinforced concrete. The researchers exposed the concrete to corrosive elements and subjected the concrete to strain in order to simulate the failure of real-world structures.
For this study, the third layer of the sensing skin was engineered to detect chlorides, which can cause corrosion in reinforced concrete.
"We were able to detect cracks as small as a few hundred micrometres; and we could very accurately detect any instances in which chlorides came into contact with the skin," said Pour-Ghaz.
"While this proof-of-concept looked at concrete, the technology - if properly applied - could be used on structural materials from metals to polymers," he said.
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