Worldwide, one woman in 14 has been sexually assaulted by someone other than a partner, according to the first global estimate of the problem, published today.
Its authors said that despite important gaps in data, the overall picture was clear: sex attacks on women are a big and widely overlooked problem.
Reporting in The Lancet, researchers carried out an overview of investigations in 56 countries.
Their data was trawled from scientific journals as well as "grey" literature, meaning reports in publications that may not be peer-reviewed, an acknowledged benchmark of research.
They identified 77 usable studies, providing 412 estimates of violence.
Overall, 7.2 per cent of women aged 15 years or older told interviewers they had been sexually attacked at least once in their lives by someone who was not their intimate partner.
"Our findings indicate a pressing health and human rights concern," the investigators said.
The highest rates were in sub-Saharan Africa -- 21 per cent in the centre (Democratic Republic of Congo) and 17.4 per cent in the south (Namibia, South Africa and Zimbabwe) -- followed by 16.4 per cent in Australia and New Zealand.
The lowest reported prevalence was in South Asia (India and Bangladesh) at 3.3 per cent and north Africa and the Middle East with 4.5 per cent.
Within Europe, three countries in the east (Lithuania, Ukraine, Azerbaijan) had a lower level of sexual assault (6.9 per cent) than countries in the centre (10.7 per cent) and west of the continent (11.5 per cent). The figure for North America was 13 per cent.
"We found that sexual violence is a common experience for women worldwide and in some regions is endemic, reaching more than 15 per cent in four regions," said lead investigator Naeemah Abrahams of the South African Medical Research Council in Cape Town.
The true tally of sexual violence may be far higher in some regions, she said, pointing to South Asia in particular.
The wide differences between regions could be explained by varying levels of disclosure, the authors said, noting cultures in which victims of sexual violence are stigmatised and likelier to conceal their ordeal.
In an email exchange with AFP, Abrahams acknowledged the study's limitations.
Data were good from most of Europe, Oceania, Australasia, North America and Southeast Asia, but sketchy or lacking in parts of South Asia, north and central Africa and the Middle East. Some countries had no data at all.
