Tens of thousands of census-takers fanned out across Myanmar today to gather data for a rare snapshot of the former junta-ruled nation that is already stoking sectarian tensions.
Groups of school teachers and local officials began the 12-day population survey - the first since 1983 - travelling from house to house in an ambitious drive aimed at counting everyone across the poverty-stricken nation.
But the census was called into question even before it started in Rakhine state, the site of deadly religious conflict.
A main point of contention is that Muslims will not be able to register as "Rohingya".
Buddhist nationalists threatened to boycott the tally over fears it could lead to official recognition for the Rohingya, a stateless group viewed by the United Nations as among the world's most persecuted minorities.
Muslims in displacement camps who were made homeless in two major bouts of fighting two years ago expressed determination to defy the government edict to register as "Bengali" - a term used by the authorities, who view most Rohingya as illegal immigrants from neighbouring Bangladesh.
"Fill in the form that you are Rohingya," read a sign scrawled on a wall in one of the bleak camps clustered on the outskirts of the Rakhine capital Sittwe.
"We do not want any problems. I was born here and my parents were also born here. I was born a Myanmar national. For me, I will not register as 'Bengali', I will register as 'Rohingya'," Hla Myint, 58, told AFP.
Foreign aid workers fled Rakhine after Buddhist mobs attacked their offices as tensions escalated in the run-up to the census.
An 11-year-old girl was killed by a stray bullet after police fired warning shots to disperse angry crowds in Sittwe.
Humanitarian workers in the region have come under increasing pressure from Buddhist nationalists who accuse them of bias in favour of local Muslims.
The state remained tense today as Buddhists sought confirmation that the Rohingya term would not be allowed.
Backed by the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), the census is aimed at plugging an information deficit in the former military dictatorship.
Critics, who have called for the exercise to be postponed, accuse the organisers of focusing on the technical aspects of the survey and neglecting political concerns.
Myanmar is roughly the size of France with many people living in remote jungles and mountains with barely any infrastructure.
Minority groups make up some 30 per cent of the estimated 55 to 60 million population.
This plurality has long been a source of conflict, with the former junta using the many civil conflicts that sprang up at the end of British colonial rule in 1948 as a pretext for their hardline rule.
