President Donald Trump has signed into law a major rewrite of the rules of trade with Canada and Mexico, celebrating the fulfilment of one of his top campaign promises while declining to share the moment with Democratic lawmakers whose support was essential to getting it over the finish line.
Trump said renegotiating the North American Free Trade Agreement was "probably the No. 1 reason that I decided to lead this crazy life that I'm leading right now."
Today, we're finally ending the NAFTA nightmare," Trump said on Wednesday in a ceremony on the South Lawn. The event featured hundreds of business and farm leaders from around the country and scores of Republican officials. No Democratic members of Congress were on the White House guest list.
Trade experts say the impact of the new US-Mexico-Canada Agreement will be modest. Canada and Mexico already represent the top two export markets for US goods. The independent US International Trade Commission last year calculated that the deal would add 0.35 per cent, or USD 68 billion, to economic growth and generate 176,000 jobs over six years.
That's not much of a change for a USD 22 trillion economy with 152 million nonfarm jobs.
"It's a blip,'' said Syracuse University economist Mary Lovely, who studies trade. "The main thing is what it isn't: It isn't a continuation of uncertainty, and it isn't a major disruption'' to business.
The new pact, along with the signing of a phase one agreement with China, dials down trade tensions that have contributed to slowing economic growth globally.
It also gave the president a chance to at least briefly shift the focus in Washington, where Trump's impeachment trial has occupied center stage for weeks.
"I keep my promises and I'm fighting for the American worker," Trump said.
Still, Trump couldn't resist making a few indirect references to impeachment in his remarks. He noted, for example, that Sen Ted Cruz, R-Texas, was headed back to the Capitol to ask questions at the trial. "He's got some beauties, I'll bet," Trump said.
The leaders of the US, Canada and Mexico signed the deal in late 2018. But it still faced a long road to ratification. Legislation implementing it received overwhelming, bipartisan support in Congress after several months of behind-the-scenes negotiations between Democratic lawmakers and the Trump administration.
Trump made a point of praising Republican legislators for their work in passing the deal. He singled out one Republican lawmaker after another during the ceremony, those from farm states, those from battleground states in tight reelection races, and of course, GOP leadership.
Trump did not mention the role of Democrats, but they said that even if they weren't at the signing ceremony, their influence was being felt.
"What the president will be signing is quite different from what the president sent us," said House Speaker Nancy Pelosi, D-Calif.
"We were able to make vast improvements. If we weren't, we would not have been able to pass the bill." Rep. Earl Blumenauer, chairman of a House trade panel, said inviting Democratic lawmakers to the ceremony would have underscored the inadequacies of the president's initial agreement and the fact that Democrats made the agreement possible.
"It's a clear illustration of how Trump operates with division, hyper-partisanship, and childishness." said Blumenauer, D-Ore.
The White House did not immediately respond to a question about whether any Democrats were invited to the ceremony.
NAFTA, which took effect in 1994 under President Bill Clinton, tore down trade barriers between the three North American countries and commerce between them surged. But Trump and other critics said NAFTA encouraged factories to leave the United States and relocate south of the border to take advantage of low-wage Mexican labor.
Trump threatened to leave NAFTA if he couldn't get a better deal, creating uncertainty over regional trade. His trade negotiator, Robert Lighthizer, pressed for a revamped pact designed to bring factory jobs back to the United States.
The new agreement, for example, requires automakers to get 75 per cent of their production content (up from 62.5 per cent in NAFTA) from within North America to qualify for the pact's duty-free benefits. That means more auto content would have to come from North America, not imported more cheaply from China and elsewhere.
At least 40 per cent of vehicles would also have to originate in places where workers earn at least USD 16 an hour. That would benefit the United States and Canada not Mexico, where auto assembly workers are paid a fraction of that amount.
Lighthizer worked behind the scenes to strike an agreement that ended up being endorsed by the AFL-CIO and the US Chamber of Commerce. Democrats successfully pushed to strike language allowing countries or companies to avoid sanctions simply by refusing to participate in dispute-settlement panels.
They also insisted on ensuring enforcement of provisions intended to protecting workers from intimidation and violence, and they pressed for a committee that will monitor Mexico's labour reforms.
The Democrats also won a significant concession from the administration on drug prices. Gone is what Democrats considered a giveaway to the pharmaceutical industry: a provision that offered expensive biologic drugs, which are made from living cells, 10 years of protection from cheaper knockoff competition.
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