Is the latest pickup in US economic growth destined to slow in the years ahead as most analysts say? Or, as the Trump administration insists, is the economy on the cusp of an explosive boom that will reward Americans and defy those expectations?
Yesterday, President Donald Trump's chief economic adviser made his case for the boom.
Calling mainstream predictions "pure nonsense", Larry Kudlow declared that the expansion already the second-longest on record is merely in its "early innings".
"The single biggest event, be it political or otherwise, this year is an economic boom that most people thought would be impossible to generate," Kudlow said at a Cabinet meeting, speaking at the president's request and looking directly at him.
"Not a rise. Not a blip." "People may disagree with me," Kudlow continued, "but I'm saying this, we are just in the early stages".
The US economy grew for seven straight years under President Barack Obama before Trump took office early last year. Since then, it's stayed steady, and the job market has remained strong. The stock market is also nearing an all-time high, a sign of confidence about corporate profits.
Economic growth has picked up this year, having reached a four-year high of 4.1 per cent at an annual rate last quarter. Job gains are also running at a slightly faster pace than in 2017.
Most analysts see the economy growing a solid 3 per cent this year a potential political asset for Trump and the Republican Party, especially with the approach of November's congressional elections.
Yet it's hard to find any outside mainstream economists who would agree with Kudlow's assertion that the Trump administration can accelerate or even sustain that growth rate.
Analysts generally expect that the benefits from Trump's tax cuts and an additional USD 300 billion in government spending that he signed into law in February will gradually slow along with economic growth.
Most also say the Fed's continuing interest rate hikes, combined with the trade conflicts Trump has sparked with most of America's trading partners, could also limit growth.
"Economists are incredibly hopeful that the White House is right," said Carl Tannenbaum, chief economist of Northern Trust. "Unfortunately, most economic analysis and past historical patterns suggest that we're in the middle of a sugar rush that will wear off."
Economists have generally forecast that the pace of annual economic growth will slip to about 2.5 per cent in 2019 and then less in the subsequent years.
Even within the government, the leading forecasts are more sober. The Fed expects growth to slip to 2.4 per cent in 2019 and 2 per cent in 2020. The Congressional Budget Office said this week that growth would likely slow to 1.7 per cent in 2020.
Tannenbaum noted that the economy faces two trends that essentially act as a speed limit. First, over time, the economy can grow only as fast as the size of its workforce. Yet the vast baby boom generation is retiring.
What's more, the administration is seeking to limit immigration, which would reduce the number of available workers.
During the longest US expansion, from 1991 through 2001, the working-age population grew an average of 1.2 per cent a year. Yet from 2008 through 2017, it expanded an average of just 0.5 per cent annually.
A second factor is the growth of worker productivity the amount of output per hour worked which has fallen by half in the decade since the Great Recession, from a 2.7 per cent average rate to 1.3 per cent.
Even if the economy did accelerate unexpectedly, the Fed would then likely raise rates faster to avert a pickup in inflation and cause the expansion to slow.
In addition, the tax cuts and government spending that are helping boost economic growth for now have swollen the budget deficit, which is expected to surpass USD 1 trillion annually in 2020 a level Tannenbaum calls "absolutely frightening".
Such high deficits require large-scale government borrowing. Such additional borrowing typically sends interest rates up and makes it harder for businesses to borrow, spend and expand.
On top of that risk, the Trump administration's tariffs, which are meant to force countries to trade on terms more favourable to the US, could devolve into a trade war that would imperil economic growth.
What's more, a global economic slowdown, stemming from factors beyond the administration's control, perhaps among troubled emerging economies, would likely spill over to the United States.
Scott Anderson, chief economist at Bank of the West, noted that the USD 1.5 trillion worth of tax cuts that will take effect over the next decade were supposed to spur companies to make additional investments in machinery, vehicles and other technology that would lift worker productivity.
But the pace of equipment spending has fallen since the end of last year. That's a sign to him that the growth in 2018 might be fleeting.
"The tax cuts are really not moving the needle for businesses," Anderson said.
Tannenbaum notes that "the data suggest that the vast majority of tax savings have been used by companies to increase dividends and repurchase shares," which gives shareholders more money but doesn't increase corporate investment or workers' wages.
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