Polls opened in Uruguay Sunday with voters electing a successor to leftist President Tabare Vazquez and deciding on constitutional reforms including the establishment of a military police force.
Uruguayans will also be electing all 99 deputies and 30 senators in the Congress.
The vote comes on the same day as a general election in Argentina and against a backdrop of regional strife following massive street protests in Ecuador, Chile and Bolivia, the latter over alleged electoral fraud.
"Democracy in Uruguay is very strong and must be protected," Vazquez said Thursday in his final message before voting began.
Uruguay has long been considered a bastion of peace and stability in an often turbulent region but security has been declining, with a sharp rise in some violent crimes reported last year.
In 2018, South America's second-smallest country registered a record 414 murders, up 45 percent on the year before.
The alarming hike fueled a debate over proposed constitutional changes meant to improve security.
Those include the creation of a military National Guard, the establishment of life terms for the most serious offenses -- 32 years is the current maximum -- and authorising police to conduct nighttime raids on the homes of suspected drug dealers.
The vote is expected to be tight, with polls opening at 8:00 am (1100 GMT) and closing at 7:30 pm.
Security has been a major issue as the governing Broad Front seeks a fourth consecutive term.
In power since 2005, the Front faces a tough test, with voters angered by a stagnant economy, inflation of 7.5 per cent and a nine percent unemployment rate.
The Front's current candidate -- presidents are barred from serving consecutive terms -- is 62-year-old Daniel Martinez, the former mayor of Montevideo.
His 40 per cent showing in one recent poll puts him in the lead but falls short of securing an outright first-round victory.
Former senator Luis Lacalle Pou of the center-right National Party has 28 per cent, but he is considered likely to win backing from two historic rivals in an eventual runoff on November 24.
Analysts say Lacalle, 46, could count on the liberal Colorado Party, led by economist Ernesto Talvi, and new right-wing party Open Cabildo, headed by former army commander-in-chief Guido Manini Rios.
In the last three elections, the Front didn't need alliances because it commanded an absolute majority, but this time "the second round is completely open," said political scientist Eduardo Bottinelli.
The Broad Front is a coalition of leftist movements that in 2005 broke a near monopoly on the presidency shared by the National and Colorado parties since 1830, two years after Uruguayan independence.
Vazquez, the Front's first president, was succeeded by former left-wing guerrilla Jose Mujica, who became a cult figure known as "the world's poorest president" -- he gave away most of his salary and drove an aging Volkswagen Beetle.
The next president will take office on March 1, 2020.
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