Data from fitness trackers and smartphones that record daily activities are increasingly used in criminal investigations, raising questions about whether the legal system is fully prepared to protect individual rights, a new US report has claimed.
Information such as location, travel patterns and even physiological details such as heart rate and activity levels could be retrieved from devices as a part of criminal investigations.
Such technology offers new tools to law enforcement, but raises unique issues regarding important constitutional rights such as self-incrimination, according to the report by RAND Corporation, a nonprofit research organisation in the US.
Courtrooms also are poised to change because of technology, with teleconferencing, digital records and even virtual reality entering the scene - all intended to speed up proceedings and reduce the cost to the justice system.
These technologies raise issues of fairness for defendants and may change the notion of whether trial by videoconference is equal to proceedings where everyone appears in person, according to the report.
"When changes are gradual, the law and the criminal justice systems have time to react and adapt naturally as conflicts appear," said Brian Jackson, physical scientist at RAND.
"But new technologies are developing rapidly and are likely to create conflicts before the legal system is fully prepared to deal with them," said Jackson.
Both the courts and law enforcement agencies need to make greater efforts to identify the conflicts ahead, as well educate the criminal justice workforce about how to both properly use and address concerns regarding the emerging tools, according to the report.
These efforts should focus on trying to identify and arbitrate disputes about technology before they reach a critical point.
One example of such a conflict was when investigators probing the mass shooting that took place in San Bernardino in 2015 wanted to unlock a smartphone belonging to one of the shooters.
Those efforts were delayed while investigators unsuccessfully tried to convince the phone's manufacturer to aid their efforts.
Researchers said that working through the issues surrounding new technologies outside the pressure of a public safety crisis is needed to better balance the value of using technologies in investigations versus the potential infringements on privacy and individual rights.
Researchers from assembled a group of 13 experts to examine issues involving technology and individual rights.
They identified more than three dozen needs, each related to a specific problem or challenge posed to the protection of individual rights by new technology.
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