Women's perceptions of male attractiveness do not vary according to their hormone levels, a study has found debunking the myth that women are more attracted to masculine faces when they are fertile.
"We found no evidence that changes in hormone levels influence the type of men women find attractive," said Benedict C Jones of the University of Glasgow in the UK.
"This study is noteworthy for its scale and scope - previous studies typically examined small samples of women using limited measures," said Jones, lead researcher of the study published in the journal Psychological Science.
"With much larger sample sizes and direct measures of hormonal status, we weren't able to replicate effects of hormones on women's preferences for masculine faces," said Jones.
To address the limitations of previous studies, researchers recruited 584 heterosexual women to participate in a series of weekly test sessions.
In each session, the participants reported whether they were currently in a romantic relationship and whether they were currently using hormonal contraceptives.
They provided a saliva sample for hormone analyses and completed a task that measured their preferences for different types of male faces.
In each face-preference task, the participants saw 10 pairs of male faces and selected the face in each pair that they found more attractive, rating how strong their preference was.
The two faces in each pair were digitally altered versions of the same photo - one face was altered to have somewhat feminised features and the other was altered to have somewhat masculinised features.
To obscure the specific objective of the study, the researchers interspersed these attractiveness judgments among other filler questions.
As expected, women generally rated the masculinised faces as more attractive than the feminised faces.
Preference for the more masculinised faces was also slightly stronger when women judged attractiveness in the context of a short-term relationship as opposed to a long-term relationship.
However, there was no evidence that women's preferences varied according to levels of fertility-related hormones, such as estradiol and progesterone.
There was also no association between attractiveness judgments and levels of other potentially influential hormones, such as testosterone and cortisol.
The findings run counter to the hypothesis that sexual selection pressures lead women to prefer more masculine mates, who supposedly have greater genetic "fitness," when they are most fertile and most likely to conceive.
The data also showed that oral contraceptive use did not dampen women's preference for masculine faces, as has been shown previously.
"There has been increasing concern that the birth control pill might disrupt romantic relationships by altering women's mate preferences, but our findings do not provide evidence of this," said Jones.
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