By Steve Slater
LONDON (Reuters) - In 1990, an assessment called Project Rainbow paved the way for HSBC to move from Hong Kong to Britain. As Europe's biggest bank now considers moving back, the same exercise offers clues to its final decision, say industry sources and analysts.
Project Rainbow assessed HSBC's future base by considering whether it was operationally effective, tax efficient, politically acceptable, consistent with bank regulatory requirements, in the best interests of shareholders and compatible with any future merger of HSBC and the Midland Group.
After HSBC said its formal review of whether to change headquarters again could take six months of complex discussions, industry observers are looking to previous decision-making criteria to try to forecast its final decision.
OPERATIONALLY EFFECTIVE
How easily Chief Executive Stuart Gulliver can keep his new structure intact is a major consideration, particularly after his work in the last four years to cut costs, improve profitability and simplify operations following a string of scandals partly blamed on a lack of central control.
Gulliver has also re-established Asia as the bank's heartland, reversing two decades of expansion in Europe and the Americas so that 63 percent of profits in the last two years came from Asia.
Significantly, HSBC has said it needs to be positioned "in the best way to support the markets and customer bases critical to our future success."
TAX EFFICIENT
A jump in Britain's bank levy prompted HSBC to consider moving.
It will pay some $1.5 billion under the levy this year - about 7 percent of expected pretax profits - up from $1.1 billion in 2014. That could rise to more than $2 billion if the opposition Labour Party wins power in Britain's May 7 general election because Labour has said it will increase the levy by 800 million pounds ($1.21 billion) a year.
UK banks pay the levy - which has been raised eight times since being introduced in 2010 to ensure banks made a "fair contribution" - on all their balance sheet. Overseas banks pay it on their UK assets. If it moved, HSBC would be taxed on about 42 percent of its assets, potentially saving $900 million or more a year.
HSBC paid $7.9 billion in total taxes last year, including $2.4 billion in Britain and $1.3 billion in Hong Kong.
POLITICALLY ACCEPTABLE
HSBC initially moved to London following its takeover of Midland Bank, at the insistence of the Bank of England. But insiders at the bank said the decision had more to do with soothing investors' worries about the future of Hong Kong when it was handed back to China in 1997.
Now China's relationship with Hong Kong is gearing up to be another key issue for the bank.
Hong Kong's economy has flourished over the last 18 years under a formula dubbed 'One country, two systems' whereby the territory kept a separate legal system and greater freedoms. That pledge expires in 2047 and analysts say there is concern Beijing could start to exert greater control over the territory. Tension over the mainland's existing influence in Hong Kong prompted demonstrations last year.
HSBC's $2.6 trillion balance sheet, at eight times the size of Hong Kong's economy, means it would likely need Beijing's backing to move.
But closer ties with China could raise questions about HSBC with U.S. regulators, given the bank's importance as a clearing house for U.S. dollar-denominated trade.
Staying in Britain may not ensure political stability, however. Prime Minister David Cameron has promised to hold a referendum about Britain's membership of the European Union should his Conservative party win elections this month. HSBC has said the threat of Britain leaving the European Union is a major economic uncertainty.
CONSISTENT WITH BANK REGULATIONS
Regulators in Britain and Hong Kong 'gold-plate' global rules so their banks must hold extra capital.
As a global bank deemed to be systemically important, HSBC has to take greater precautions than smaller rivals to ensure its security. It has said it expects to operate with core capital of 12-13 percent.
Hong Kong will not be a 'lighter touch' regulator and HSBC would probably have to maintain a similar level of capital, or slightly more, if it moved there, analysts said.
Oversight would be shared by regulators in Britain, Hong Kong and the United States wherever the bank ended up, they said.
BEST INTERESTS OF SHAREHOLDERS
If it moved out of Britain, HSBC would potentially save $900 million or more in tax a year. That would add more than $9 billion to its value, based on the bank being valued by investors at about 10 times its earnings.
In Hong Kong, where HSBC is known as "The Bank", many of its thousands of small shareholders resent the UK tax as coming directly off their cherished dividends. The bank refuses to say where its shareholders are located, including 1,100 big institutions who between them own 94 percent of shares.
Investors have told Reuters in recent weeks that HSBC and its rival Standard Chartered needed to assess their domicile, although most held back from saying they had to move.
"The politics in the UK is getting messier at the same time when bank CEOs are being pressurised by investors to improve returns. In this environment...we see HSBC and Standard Chartered taking flight," said Chirantan Barua, analyst at Bernstein.
FUTURE MIDLAND GROUP?
Under new rules, Britain's big banks must separate retail banking from other areas by 2019.
That could leave HSBC without any directors on the board of its separate UK bank, which would also make decisions independently of the parent group - potentially leaving HSBC with little power over a business it fully owns.
The new rules are unlikely to be significant as a stand-alone factor to prompt HSBC to leave Britain. But if it does it could consider spinning off its UK retail business and separately listing it - possibly branded Midland Bank - under a restructuring around the same time as it moves, just as it did in the early 1990s.
($1 = 0.6605 pounds)
(Additional reporting by Lawrence White in Hong Kong; Editing by Sophie Walker)
