A few weeks after the Digital Markets Act (DMA) came into force, the European Commission (hereinafter “Commission”) has initiated investigations of Google, Meta, Amazon, and Apple for non-compliance with key principles aimed at creating fair and competitive digital markets. These investigations will, one way or the other, be landmark events since the companies under investigation are globally dominant. Specifically, the Commission is looking into Alphabet’s rules on steering in Google Play and self-preferencing on Google Search, Apple’s steering in App Store and in the choice screen for Safari, and Meta’s “pay or consent model”. In addition, the Commission has launched