The Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) recently unveiled the National Circular Economy Framework (NCEF) at the International Conference on “Waste to Worth”. It seeks to offer a road map for India’s transition to a circular economy. Circularity is not new to India — it is intrinsic to the fabric of Indian society, rooted in age-old practices that prioritise sustainability and waste reduction. However, with increased manufacturing and changing consumption patterns set to generate increased employment and per capita income, the effects of such higher production on the environment need to be managed and mitigated. With only 2 per cent of