The recent recommendation by the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (Trai) on rationalisation of entry fee and bank guarantees has opened up the duopoly debate once again. The 90-page report seeks to encourage competition through substantial reduction in entry fee for telecom service providers. This is in response to a reference made by the Department of Telecommunications last year. The Trai paper covers several categories, including unified licence access service, internet service providers, satellite broadband services, machine-to-machine entities and virtual network operators. For entry-fee rationalisation, the most important and the biggest category is the access service, which will imply new