Groundwater meets 85% of rural water needs and 62% of irrigation demand. Yet, it faces severe quality and quantity challenges
20% of samples showed nitrate contamination, while fluoride and arsenic were high in some states. Rajasthan and Punjab are among the worst affected
Industrial waste, fertilisers, untreated sewage, and mineral leaching drive groundwater contamination, worsening in urban areas
Contaminated water harms health, reduces crop yields, and introduces toxins into the food chain, affecting both rural and urban communities
Aquifer recharge, waste management, localised monitoring, and sustainable farming practices can improve groundwater quality and availability
Stronger local initiatives, public awareness, and water-security plans are needed to ensure sustainable use of India’s groundwater resources